Transgenesis and Selective Breeding Essay Example For Students

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding Essay Great prospects have opened up to selective breeding in connection with the development of cellular and genetic engineering. Based on their achievements, plant biotechnology is developing very intensively. The main direction of biotechnological work is the production of transgenic animals and plants, i.e., plants in the genome of which introduced alien genetic information. The success of experiments made by the scientists on plant transformation was largely promoted by the creation of vectors based on the Ti plasmid (tumor-induced tumor-inducing) of bacteria from the genus Agrobacterium. Gene donors can be bacteria, fungi, other plant species, animals, and even humans, but the traits were found. We will write a custom essay on Transgenesis and Selective Breeding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the introduction, the transgene is carried out for various purposes: to increase the overall productivity of plants; to create traits of increasing resistance to pests, viral and fungal diseases, to nematodes; increasing resistance to herbicides; increasing resistance to stress factors; production of proteins, antibodies in transgenic plants (interferon, immunoglobulin); obtaining male-sterile plants; changing the color of flowers in ornamental crops. The first transgenic animals and plants were obtained in 1983 in the laboratories of the USA, Germany, New Zealand, and Belgium. In 1992, the scientists investigated industrial cultivation of insect-resistant transgenic tobacco, and drought-resistant crops were started. In addition, the hemoglobin gene from the gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla was introduced into the tobacco genome, due to which the dry matter yield increased by 80-100%, and the leaves contained more chlorophyll and nicotine. In 1994, the first plant intended for human consumption was registered in the USA and New Zealand tomato Favre-Save with delayed ripening. By 1997, transgenic animals and plants of more than 120 species were obtained. In 2000, the transgene plants were grown in 13 countries on an area of 44.2 million hectares.  The company Monsanto created potatoes, which is not affected by the Colorado potato beetle that was explored by the scientists. The gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a protein that is toxic to beetle larvae, is inserted into the potato genome. Protein is the transgene that is not dangerous to humans and animals; it decomposes in the soil in a few days. The herbicide-resistant Ruanda varieties of soybean, corn, drought-resistant crops, rapeseed, cotton are allowed for use in many countries, including New Zealand. There were created drought resisted crops, protected from the stem moth, tomatoes with the smell and taste of freshly picked. One of the centers of biotechnological work in New Zealand is the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, where research is conducted in the field of the gene, chromosomal and cell engineering, including the creation and evaluation of transgenic plants. How we use it in the modern time A modern direction in selective breeding is also the hybridization of a somatic cell or parasexual hybridization. It is based on the fusion of protoplasts of somatic cell devoid of the enzymatic membrane, and the production of the hybrid cell. In this way, it is possible to overcome not only interspecific but also inter generic barriers of non-interbreeding. Hybrid cells are able to form callus undifferentiated tissue, in which there are pockets of differentiation. Of these, the regeneration of hybrid plants is possible. Somatic hybridization opens up great prospects for obtaining new starting material for selective breeding. Its success depends on the degree of genetic proximity of the crossed forms. There are somatic hybrids of cultivated and wild potatoes. American breeder J. Power obtained somatic hybrids between petunia species such as the transgene that does not intersect in the usual traits. Hybrids inherited a valuable decorative feature a branched, creeping escape. H. Schenk obtained a somatic hybrid between cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and turnip. It was created a somatic hybrid between two representatives of the cruciferous family: However, such forms can be used to study patterns of morphogenesis and genetic incompatibility. .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .postImageUrl , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:visited , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:active { border:0!important; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:active , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creationism In Schools EssayThe benefit of selective breeding One of the latest achievements in the field of selective animal breeding was the cloning carried out by the method of transplanting the nucleus of the somatic cell into fertilized eggs or milk. The widely publicized birth of Dolly the lamb grew from such an egg, along with the attractive prospect of reproduction of valuable genotypes, such as drought-resistant crops, it gave rise to the problem associated with the rapid aging of the cloned animal. But if the negative consequences of this method are overcome, then it can really be very useful. The creation of domestic animal breeds began after their domestication and domestication, which began 10–12 thousand years ago. Content in captivity reduces the effect of the stabilizing form of natural selection. Various forms of artificial selection (initially unconscious and then methodical) lead to the creation of the whole variety of breeds of domestic animals. In the selection of animals, for example, transgenic cows, compared with the selection of plants, there are a number of features. First, sexual reproduction is mainly characteristic of animals. Therefore any breed is a complex heterozygous system, as for transgenic cows. There is an assessment of the qualities of the males, which apparently they do not appear (egg production, milk fat content from transgenic cows), are evaluated by progeny and pedigree. Secondly, in many species, there is late puberty, a change of generations occurs after a few years. Thirdly, the offspring are not numerous. The main methods of selective animal breeding (for example, breeding of transgenic cows) are: hybridization selection There are the same methods of crossing closely related crossing, inbreeding, and unrelated, outbreeding. Inbreeding has its chain reaction, like in plants, leads to depression. Selection from animals, for example, transgenic cows, is carried out on the exterior (certain parameters of the external structure or milk), because he is the criterion of the breed. In conclusion, it is aimed at preserving and improving the breed. Practically, it is expressed in the selection of the best producers, culling individuals that do not meet the requirements of the breed. In selective breeding farms, selective breeding books are kept that reflect the genealogy, exterior and productivity of animals of many generations. Interbreeding is used to create a new breed as a chain reaction. At the same time they often carry out close-breeding interbreeding parents are crossed with offspring, brothers, and sisters, which helps to get a greater number of individuals with the desired properties. Inbreeding is accompanied by rigorous continuous selection; usually, several lines are obtained, and then different lines are crossed.

Examples of a Personal Statement for Your Success!

Examples of a Personal Statement for Your Success! Personal Statement as a Step towards Your Future Probably you have already met the term ‘personal statement’, when reading college requirements for an application form. Together with a statement of purpose, it is a compulsory part of your application, which makes it very important and should be taken seriously. We understand how tempted students are to complete the form as soon as possible, but it is important to focus on every stage, avoiding the most common mistakes, which students do day after day. Once you understand what to write about, it will be much easier to write your personal statement. Definition of a personal statement Personal statement greatly differs from other papers you need to submit when entering a college. That is why it may greatly puzzle you at first, even if you are an experienced student. Personal statement is a paper, where you need to explain why you can become a valuable member of the college’s community and to tell about your personality. Personal statement also has other names, which include a personal essay, admission essay, reflective essay and sometimes even a narrative essay. Despite the chosen term, your main goal is to describe your potential, goals, hopes and dreams, which make you the best candidate for the chosen college. When you work on a personal statement, you need to prove that your values, academic background and non-educational aspects impact your academic success. There are no common rules for a personal statement, so you can show your creativity and ideas when working on the paper. However, you should always stick to the rules and requirements, provided by the college or university. College statement types When it comes to writing, you won’t find a single form for all types of assignments. Personal statement is not an exception and has two main types to offer: Comprehensive/ general personal statement. It gives the applicant maximum freedom concerning the things you are willing to discuss. It is also called an open-topic essay and doesn’t have any requirements other than formatting peculiarities, indicated by the college. Basically, through this type of a personal statement you need to represent yourself in the best way; Answer on a certain question. When you are asked to deliver such type of a personal statement, you will also be given a question to answer. It will reflect your skills, knowledge, experience, future plans, etc. In addition, personal statements can be divided into college, undergraduate and programs ones. Personal statement for college Such personal statements are usually delivered through an essay. This admission essay type is more complicated and advanced. In most of the cases, you will have to answer a certain question, because a graduate should already possess independent thinking and have an opinion on the most complicated issues. By the time you graduate, you are expected to think critically and have life experience. This means that you possess a clear understanding of what you are willing to study and how a particular program can help you in achieving your goals. Don’t forget that most programs provide financial assistance if a student returns to the institution for researching or teaching. This explains why most personal statements of graduates contain interests of the applicant in a professional and academic field, rather in a personal one. Undergraduate personal statement When undergraduate students are asked to write application essays they usually need to deliver general statements. This means that you can write about anything and pick a topic, which will reflect your personality and motivation in the best light. So why undergraduate students usually write open-topic essays and not an answer to a specific question? The reason is simple: high school graduates still lack experience and don’t have a clear picture of what they want to do after college. They are open to new skills and knowledge, so giving a response on a particular topic may not be the most suitable option. For an undergraduate personal statement, the best option will be to show how the student is exploring own personality and the world around. Students need to describe what makes them passionate, how they interact with others and whether they are willing to contribute to society. Personal statement writing Every day thousands of thoughts run through our minds, but when it comes to writing we can feel a lack of ideas and inspiration. Everything becomes even more complicated when you know that your future college admission depends on the quality of your writing. However, you shouldn’t feel desperate, because there are tips and advice, which will make it much easier to write a personal statement even if you are out of ideas! Personal statement is not a regular high school or college assignment, which you complete just to get a grade and move on. It requires lots of devotion, analysis and critical thinking. You need to understand your own dreams, hopes, passions and background in order to deliver a great essay. To simplify the process just follow our guidelines: Take enough time to understand what information you want to render or how to give an answer to the required question; Start working on the first draft without thinking about possible mistakes and length of the essay. Just write down everything that comes to your mind; Don’t be in a hurry. Make sure you have enough time to complete every stage step-by-step without a necessity to write your personal statement in a day; Make sure you have a dictionary nearby. It will help you to choose the most proper words and show how good your vocabulary skills are; Always concentrate on your strong sides but provide clear examples instead of simply talking about how good you are; Never compare your statement to those of others. Every student has own perception of the world, experience and skills; Read the statement aloud to detect its weak points. Personal statement structure It is not a secret that at least half of your statement’s success lays in proper formatting. That is why you need to follow the common outline really carefully. Brief introduction You should always start your admission essay with an introduction, which gives brief information about your motivations and interests. Introduction is a paragraph, which aims to catch the attention of readers, motivate them to learn more about your personality. In a personal statement, introduction acts as a hook. Achievements and academic interests It doesn’t matter whether you are an undergraduate or a graduate: you already have an academic experience to share. Always focus on facts without exaggerating anything. Write about your achievements, interests and plans for your future education and career. If you are a graduate student, you can briefly describe interesting classes you have taken and professors you have had. Background experience If you are asked to write an essay on a free topic, you should devote a paragraph to your background experience, which had a solid impact on your education and life. However, it shouldn’t be related to your school or college life. Out-of-class activities You may think that this section is about your hobbies, but actually it must focus on activities, which are still associated with the chosen field. You can include information about your volunteering projects, activities outside of school and other fields, which contributed to choosing a particular program or college. Publications and other accomplishments In case you have any publications, here is a section to mention them. However, this paragraph is mostly created for graduates, who already have researched to discuss. Why you have chosen a particular program or college It is always a good idea to tell the board why you decided to stop your search on the particular program and college if you didn’t add such information to the introductory section. Conclusion Finish your statement with a paragraph, which summarizes your strong sides and explains why you are a perfect fit for the chosen college or program. Your conclusion should be strong and make a great impression on the committee! What makes a great personal statement Now, when you know the key requirements to the format and content of your personal statement, it is the right time to get familiar with general tips: Remain natural and enthusiastic, remembering about your personal style; Make sure your humor is appropriate. The board may not have a similar sense of humor, so you may only harm yourself; Decide what message you are willing to render and work on it; Always include examples; Try not to be general; If possible, avoid controversial subjects and comments, because you don’t know who will be reading your statement; Once your first draft is ready, you need to proofread and edit it to make sure it meets all of the requirements and the necessary word count. Elements of a personal statement If you want your statement to grab the attention of the committee, it should contain the following elements: Explanation of why you are willing to take the chosen course; Evidence, which demonstrates that you meet all of the necessary criteria and have researched the profession and course; Details on how you have grown your interest in a subject outside the class; Explanation why you have chosen their college to continue education; Tell about your experience, explaining what you have learned and how it helped to grow your interest in the chosen field; Demonstration of transferable skills; Acknowledgment of your critical thinking; Brief enumeration of your goals. Apart from knowing what to include to your personal statement, don’t forget about the things you shouldn’t do: Never copy-paste parts of your older personal statements; Don’t include irrelevant data or too personal details; Avoid clichà ©s; Meaningless lists; Complicated expressions; Negative excuses and comments; Claims without any proofs. Examples of a personal statement Success of your personal statement always depends on a careful topic selection and in lots of practice. The more time you devote to writing such an essay, the simpler it will be for you to write your personal statement in future. Below you will find examples of statements for graduate and undergraduate levels. Examples of college personal statements topics Why are you willing to enter a graduate program? How it interlinks with your career aspirations? What are your admission qualifications? Picture your career in a five years time; What events or experiences grew your interest in the chosen program? The biggest professional challenges you are facing at the moment and how the chosen program can help in overcoming them? Sample #1 When we see a teenager, carrying a journal we usually think that he or she has things to hide. For me, a journal means much more and helps to put all of the emotions into words. I remember one day at school when I experienced hundreds of emotions at once. In a moment I was bored and then angry, filled with hopes and despair at the same time. That is when I decided to start a journal. For less than an hour, I wrote five poems. I read them carefully over and over again and felt proud that I was able to turn negative emotions into creativity. Starting from that day I carried my journal with me anywhere I went. It gave me a feeling of security and peace, and I knew that even if I didn’t have the inspiration to write, I could reread my stories and poems. In some way my journal helped me to overcome emotions and curb them. However, any time I took it out, my classmates were trying to see what was inside. At first, I was hiding the journal in my bag, but as I grew more confident, I started offering them to read my poems or write their own if they wanted to. I changed my thoughts about owning such a journal, when I saw how much happier people became, when I was giving them my journal. Very soon my book became a common possession and contained emotions of different people. My classmates trusted me and expressed themselves through poems, songs, drawings and stories. Many of them were so inspired that decided to start their own journals. That is when I realized that owning a journal could have a therapeutic effect. Having that book gave me a feeling that I was capable of everything, I could achieve anything I wanted to and that made me feel great! Journalism  had a great influence on my life, so I want to major Media and Communication to make my own thoughts and thoughts of people to be heard worldwide. I am ready to be the person, who transmits others’ emotions, shares them with the society and helps to transform negativism into something bright and positive. That is why I love journalism  so much! Any time I feel like there are too many emotions and thoughts in my head, I put them on paper and express myself in any way I want. I never thought that such a simple experience may change my whole life. For some people, journalism  can be a clichà ©, but for me, it is a whole new world, which helps me to remain focused, sane and open to the world. Examples of undergraduate personal statements topics Tell about the event or achievement that lead to your personal growth and understanding of your personality; Discuss the time, when you had to face a certain challenge. What impact it had on you and what lessons you have learned from it? Tell about a problem you are solving or would want to solve; Who inspires you the most? What things do you want to achieve in life? Example #2 We are living in the times when media and internet have occupied firm positions in every person’s life. It will be fair to say that the media has the most solid impact on society. Education is very important because it helps us to share personal views on various things and helps us get ready for the future carrier. I want to combine both education and media because I dream of becoming a journalist. While media is powerful and has a positive impact on millions of people, there are also many dishonest journalists, who only care about how many clicks their reports and posts will gain. That is why I want to contribute to society and use Internet platforms to give people information on important problems and issues. Even though I don’t have many years of experience working as a journalist, I still have a solid education with knowledge on how to build my future career. During my high school years I have been working as an editor of the website and school paper. I reported on the latest events and covered problems of students, stirring debates and discussions. Due to my work ethics and aspirations, I always meet deadlines and move myself forward to learn more about every topic. I want to become part of the program for many reasons. A thorough research made me realize that your program is perfect for achieving all of my aspirations in the chosen field. With its help I will greatly improve my writing skills, sharpen my knowledge and grow on both professional and a personal level. Professional assistance Once you have written a personal statement you may think that it is time to breathe out. However, if you want to be accepted, you can’t deliver your paper without editing it. Unfortunately, we are not objective when it comes to evaluating our own works. We see the paper as we imagine it, not as it really is. That is when our editors and proofreaders can be of great help! Our professional specialists have many years of experience and can improve your paper with ease. They will polish your personal statement and give valuable tips on how to achieve the best results. In case you don’t have enough time to write your personal statement or want to entrust it to professionals, you can contact us or leave a request through the order form. Writing a personal statement will improve the following aspects: Your writing skills; Chances of being accepted; Spelling; Grammar; Formatting; Your tranquility.

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary Case Study

Classic Theology vs. The Contemporary - Case Study Example His judgment of people is conditioned on his â€Å"changeless purpose concerning sin and conversion.   The scriptural embodiment of the doctrine of immutability is probably captured best in 1 Samuel 15:29 (RSV) where it is written, â€Å"And also the Glory of Israel will not lie or repent; for he is not a man, that he should repent.† The scriptural basis of the doctrine of Immutability is fully developed with numerous citations and succinct specificity to unchangeableness that enlightens the doctrine. Scriptures offer confirmation that God is not mortal with the qualities of lying or a changeableness of mind (Numbers 23:19; 1 Samuel 15:29). There is a timelessness, unchanging quality to God in a time-dependent, changing world (Psalm 102:26). The promises of God are of an eternal nature not capriciously offered to people (Psalm 110:4; Isaiah 31:2). His steadfastness is apparent in his constancy of presence and love (Isaiah 40:28). The final book of the English Old Testament rings with the words of Malachi in Chapter 3, verse 6 (RSV), â€Å"For I the LORD do not change; therefore you, O sons of Jacob, are not consumed.† The New Testament has few direct citations regarding changeableness. God’s unchangeable nature is restated for these readers in a new context (Hebrews 1:11; 7:21). While scripture offers examples that can be interpreted to show a disparity in whether God has a changeable nature, the major points of consideration would be that the New Testament offers no distinct contradiction to the attribute of God’s unchangeableness. A modern reformulation of the classic doctrine of immutability has been penned by James Packer. God is simple (that is, totally integrated), perfect and immutable. These words affirm that he is wholly and entirely involved in everything that he is and does and that his nature, goals, and ways of acting do not change, either for the better (being perfect, he cannot become better) or for the worse. His i mmutability is not the changelessness of an eternally frozen pose, but the moral consistency that holds him to his own principles of action and leads him to deal differently with those who change their own behavior towards him. †¢ Would you agree more with Vanhoozer or Nygren on this issue? Why? No, They state, â€Å"†¦from Plato, Aristotle, and the subsequent Hellenistic tradition, the church arrived at the notion that God was altogether unmoved, impassible, immutable, nontemporal and purely actual.† Open theists uniformly teach that the church fathers were so influenced by Greek philosophy when they formulated their theology, that the church’s historical and theological understanding of God reflects a more philosophical understanding than a biblical one. Carl Henry rightfully noted, â€Å"It is true that medieval theologians were aware of the teaching of certain Greek philosophers in discussing God’s immutability.

Art With Cassical Myth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Art With Cassical Myth - Essay Example The inside of the cup gives an insight of other two Achaeans, who are involved in a discussion of the momentous events dispassionately spread over the exterior friezes. This is one of the earliest instances in which a single epic theme links all three images. Braises are pictured dressed like a bride when she departures from the Achilles camp. A bridal gesture is given when she lifts her veil with one hand and a firm tug at the wrist. She is accompanied by her military escorts who are in military dress labeled as Agamemnon.† In his departure, his companion Diomedes an important Greek hero at Troy makes his presence to be seen as a kind of prolepsis reference depicted on the other side of the vase, at the embassy to Achilles. Our vase supports our alternative version in the epic tradition, that Agamemnon had used threats to go and fetch braizes. This is supported by Achilles words to his mother that Agamemnon has his prize away. These words are echoed their sites in his diatribe against Agamemnon and Nestor when having an argument with Agamemnon to make amends. Here we begin to see the threats posed on the minds of the characters and what actually happened.Diomedes did not belong to the embassy scene either did it exist. He is a mere allusion, as one of the younger and most enthusiastic of the Achaean heroes. He shows his loyalty to Agamemnon and the Greeks. Markons scene acquires power by placing Agamemnon in physical contact with braizes, although it loses its importance through the omission of Achilles.

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay Example for Free

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay The smoking of tobacco became prevalent early in this century. The production of flue-cured tobacco, the development of cigarette rolling machines, and a public health concern over tuberculosis germs being spread through the cuspidors associated with snuff and chewing tobacco, all contributed to an increase in cigarette smoking. As smoking became more common, health problems emerged which seemed to be related to smoking. In the 1950’s, sir Richard Doll, a British researcher, studied the smoking habits of more than 34,000 physicians and found a strong correlation between smoking and disease. Throughout the 1950’s, research data on the effects of tobacco on human health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action. Since then, each Surgeon General has spoken out against smoking; the current Surgeon General proclaims smoking to be the number one preventable cause of disease and death. Medical science is in general agreement that use of tobacco endangers one’s health. Lung Cancer was the first health effect to be linked to smoking. Subsequent research has linked tobacco usage to heart disease, emphysema, and several other forms of cancer. Recent research has even suggested harmful effects to unborn children of smokers and to those non-smokers exposed to the side-smoke of smokers. One of the benefits of a free society is the freedom of choice for adults, so long as this freedom does not deprive other persons of their freedom The decision to smoke might appear to be one of those choices, since it is usually through that the health risks of smoking are borne largely by the individuals making the choice. Factors that complicate the simplicity of this argument are: 1) Smoking is a social custom and when one person smokes, other persons in the area are exposed to the smoke. 2) Adult smoking habits provide a powerful modeling which affects the habits of children and youth. 3) Society must bear some of the social cost (increased insurance premiums and various tax burdens) of death and disability brought about by the use of tobacco. The tobacco plant  is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotiana tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 19 known carcinogens (most collectively known as tar) and more than 2,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, tobacco was used by the Indians of Mexico and Peru for ceremonies, medicinal purposes, and to alleviate Error! Bookmark not defined. pangs during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia.

Medienrecht in Deutschland :: essays research papers fc

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Einleitung Die folgende Hausarbeit befasst sich mit dem Urheberrechtsgesetz bzw. mit den darin enthaltenen Leistungsschutzrechten, in der Literatur auch Nachbarrechte oder verwandte Schutzrechte genannt. Die Rechte der Urheber und damit auch die Rechte der Leistungsschutzberechtigten wurden in den letzten Jahren, aktuell durch die Urheberrechtsnovelle von 2003 sukzessive ausgeweitet. Damit wurde der Durchsetzung moderner Kommunikationsmittel in allen Lebensbereichen und dem gewachsenen Gewicht der Kulturwirtschaft Rechnung getragen. Mit den Leistungsschutzrechten wird nicht der Werkschà ¶pfer geschà ¼tzt, sondern solch eine Leistung, die in einem mehr oder weniger engen Zusammenhang mit der Werkschà ¶pfung steht. Im ersten Teil meiner Arbeit werde ich die Rechte und die Leistungsschutzberechtigten charakterisieren, um dann jeweils auf die einzelnen geschà ¼tzten Gruppen und ihre Rechte einzugehen. Im weiteren Verlauf werde ich auf die Ansprà ¼che der Berechtigten eingehen, um abschließend den Blick auf die Zukunft des Urheberrechts und den damit verbundenen Leistungsschutzrechten zu richten. 2. Entstehung des Urheberrechts und der Leistungsschutzrechte Das Urheberrechtsgesetz hat sich aus dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der Literatur und der Tonkunst (LUG) von 1901 und dem Gesetz betreffend das Urheberrecht an Werken der bildenden Kunst und Photographie (KUG) von 1907 entwickelt. Die erste Fassung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes (UrhG), wie wir es heute kennen, trat am 9.9.1966 in Kraft. In den folgenden Jahren war die Entwicklung des Urheberrechtssystems eine sehr dynamische, was sich in mehr als 20 konsolidierten Fassungen bis zum heutigen Tag niedergeschlagen hat. Die letzte große Änderung des UrhG war die Urheberrechtnovelle von 2003. Die Leistungsschutzrechte haben sich im Laufe der Entwicklung des Urheberrechts herausgebildet, und dies besonders seit der Konferenz von Rom zur Revision der Berner ÃÅ"bereinkunft, die 1928 stattfand. Es wurden immer mehr auch Leistungen als schutzbedà ¼rftig angesehen, die zwar keine Werkschà ¶pfung im Sinne des Urheberrechts darstellten, aber dennoch einer schà ¶pferischen Tà ¤tigkeit entsprangen. Besonderen Auftrieb fà ¼r die Gesetzgebungsarbeit an Leistungsschutzrechten gab das Internationale Abkommen à ¼ber den Schutz der ausà ¼benden Kà ¼nstler, der Hersteller von Tontrà ¤gern und der Sendeunternehmen, das sogenannte Rom-Abkommen vom 26.10.1961. Hierbei muss beachtet werden, dass es kein Leistungsschutzrecht im Sinne eines umfassenden oder einheitlichen Rechts gibt, vielmehr handelt es sich um die Summe einzelner, getrennt abtretbarer Befugnisse. 3. Charakterisierung der Rechte und der Leistungsschutzberechtigten Die Auswahl der Leistungsschutzberechtigten scheint mehr oder weniger willkà ¼rlich. Nur die  §Ã‚ § 71, 73, 81 UrhG sehen vor, dass ein urheberrechtlich schutzfà ¤higes Werk verwertet wird. Die à ¼brigen Leistungsschutzrechte haben zwar hà ¤ufig, jedoch nicht unbedingt die Verwertung einer Werkschà ¶pfung zum Gegenstand. Auch die durch die  §Ã‚ § 70 ff. geschà ¼tzten Leistungen unterschieden sich: Werden durch die  §Ã‚ § 73 ff.

Advertising Strategy of Coca-Cola

What is advertisement? Advertisement is Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet. Objective of advertisement are to inform, persuade and motivate potential customers, but also has a strategic significance for the company’s image in whole or brand the product belongs. Advertisement strategies are varying among the regions. The types of advertisement used in a region are depending on its culture, norms, religion, tradition and language.The advertisement that are used in Western and Asia is very different in every aspect. I will take Coca-Cola to compare strategies of advertisement that have been used in western and Asia. In Asian countries Coca-Cola’s strategy is mostly depend on entertainment and youths. But in Western countries the strategy is a bit different. They try to promote the drink is healthy and safe to drink. Even Coca-Cola has introduced Diet Coke to attract people in Western country. The Western people more take care about their health compare to Asians.So they have to show the drink is suitable for a healthy lifestyle. Another important aspect of Coca-Cola Company’s advertisement in Western countries is they like to use woman and sex element. Most of their advertisements are with sexy ladies who are models or actresses holding the drink or holding it in their hand. In Western countries it is very normal to promote a product in this way. But in Asian countries it is very hard to do such advertisement because most countries have strict regulations and very religious.Asian countries give importance to cultural values and they are against sex elements in advertisement. Coca-Cola’s advertisement in Asian countries gives importance to youths and youngsters. They advertisement normally shows that they will get new energy after drink it. They will so energetic and can do things without getting tired. But in Western countries they give importance to all. Even they use children also in advertisement to attract them to drink Coca-Cola. The company give equal importance to adults also.The Coca-Cola’s advertisement in Asia also gives importance to Asian festivals and celebration. For every festival and celebration like Chinese New Year, Independence Day, Christmas and so on Coca-Cola will introduce new advertisement to promote their product. Sometimes they insert the cultural values in these advertisements. But in Western countries the situation is very different. Cultural values of Asians and Western people are very different. So large companies like Coca-Cola have to differentiate their advertisement according to region to survive and lead the market.